June 26, 2008

Space Sunshade May One Day Reduce Global Warming

Global warming is a reality and increasingly its consequences are upon us. We may think that global warming does not affect us but the fact is it has already started to have disastrous consequences. Flash floods, droughts, receding icebergs, cyclones are some of the manifestations of global warming. Although we are aware and worried about it and trying our best to control it but no significant impact could be seen. Scientists have come up with new strategies to tackle the problem. Now a scientist has suggested an ambitious idea to contain global warming. Put sunshades in space. That’s right. University of Arizona astronomer Roger Angel suggests putting sunshades in space and has detailed his idea in a paper “Feasibility of cooling the Earth with a cloud of small spacecraft near L1” in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. He suggests launching a constellation of trillions of small free-flying spacecraft a million miles above Earth into an orbit aligned with the sun, called the L-1 orbit. This spacecraft would form a long, cylindrical cloud and would have a diameter about half that of Earth, and about 10 times longer. It is suggested that about 10 percent of the sunlight passing through the 60,000-mile length of the cloud, pointing lengthwise between the Earth and the sun, would be diverted away from our planet. This would result in uniformly reduced sunlight by about 2 percent over the entire planet and would balance the heating of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere. The use of space shade was first mooted by James Early of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in 1989. "The earlier ideas were for bigger, heavier structures that would have needed manufacture and launch from the moon, which is pretty futuristic," Angel said. "I wanted to make the sunshade from small 'flyers,' small, light and extremely thin spacecraft that could be completely assembled and launched from Earth, in stacks of a million at a time. When they reached L1, they would be dealt off the stack into a cloud. There's nothing to assemble in space." Angel proposes to design lightweight flyers made of transparent film pierced with small holes and would be two feet in diameter, 1/5000 of an inch thick and weigh about a gram, the same as a large butterfly. He suggests using “MEMS” technology mirrors as tiny sails that tilt to hold the flyers position in the orbiting constellation. The weight of all flyers would be 20 millions tons. But conventional rocket launch system at $10,000 a pound would be too prohibitive. His alternative would cost only around $20 a pound. He suggests deploying a total 20 electromagnetic launchers launching a stack of flyers every 5 minutes for 10 years. The electromagnetic launchers would use hydroelectric power but even if it uses coal-generated electricity, each ton of carbon used would reduce the effect of 1000 tons of atmospheric carbon. Once propelled beyond Earth’s atmosphere the flyer stacks would be steered to L-1 orbit by solar-powered ion propulsion, pioneered by European Space Agency's SMART-1 moon orbiter and NASA's Deep Space 1 probe. "The concept builds on existing technologies," Angel said. "It seems feasible that it could be developed and deployed in about 25 years at a cost of a few trillion dollars. With care, the solar shade should last about 50 years. So the average cost is about $100 billion a year, or about two-tenths of one percent of the global domestic product." He added, "The sunshade is no substitute for developing renewable energy, the only permanent solution. A similar massive level of technological innovation and financial investment could ensure that. "But if the planet gets into an abrupt climate crisis that can only be fixed by cooling, it would be good to be ready with some shading solutions that have been worked out."
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June 20, 2008

Indonesia Peringkat Empat Dunia Penyebab Pemanasan Global

Indonesia didaulat sebagai negara keempat pembuang emisi gas rumah kaca (greenhouse gas/ GHG) di dunia.
Namun jika berdasar indikator konversi lahan dan perusakan hutan, posisi Indonesia sebagai ”aktor”penyebab pemanasan global berada di posisi ketiga. Kepala Ekonomi dan Penasihat Pemerintah Inggris untuk Urusan Efek Ekonomi Perubahan Iklim dan Pembangunan Sir Nicholas Stern mengatakan, ada empat penyebab emisi gas rumah kaca, yaitu aktivitas dan pemakaian energi, pertanian, kehutanan, dan limbah. ”Emisi yang terbuang dari kebakaran hutan di Indonesia lima kali lebih besar dari emisi yang terbuang di luar nonkehutanan.
Emisi terbuang dari pemakaian energi dan aktivitas industri relatif masih kecil, namun secara berlahan tumbuh secara cepat,” kata Stern, dalam seminar bertajuk ”The Economics of Climate Change” di Gedung Perwakilan Bank Dunia, di Jakarta,kemarin. Stern menuturkan, setiap tahunnya aktivitas dan pemakaian energi, pertanian dan limbah di Indonesia membuang emisi 451 juta ton karbon dioksida atau setara (MtCO2e).
Jumlah itu belum termasuk akibat konversi lahan dan perusakan hutan yang diperkirakan mengeluarkan 2,563 MtCO2e.”Indonesia masih terbesar sebagai emitters gas rumah kaca,” kata dia. Sementara dalam paparan Stern, negara pembuang emisi gas rumah kaca pertama diduduki Amerika Serikat (AS), disusul China dan Uni Eropa yang merangkum 25 negara. Sementara di bawah Indonesia, ada Brasil, Rusia, dan terakhir India. Stern mengungkapkan, meningkatnya emisi gas rumah kaca menyebabkan perubahan iklim dunia. Sebagai negara pertanian, kata dia, perubahan iklim berdampak buruk bagi Indonesia, sebab dengannya kerap terjadi perubahan cuaca secara mendadak, termasuk hujan lebat yang sulit diprediksi.
”Bukti tersebut menunjukkan bahwa mengabaikan perubahan iklim pada akhirnya akan merusak pertumbuhan ekonomi,” kata dia. Dia menambahkan, peningkatan jumlah emisi memicu pemanasan global. Dengan kecenderungan saat ini,50 tahun mendatang,diperkirakan rata-rata suhu global bakal naik antara 2–3 derajat Celsius. Di antara akibat yang ditimbulkannya, kata dia, seperti menurunnya hasil panen serta meningkatnya risiko banjir.
”Bagi Indonesia ketahanan pangan menjadi suatu yang bisa terancam. Perubahan cuaca ini diprediksikan menambah jumlah curah hujan di Indonesia sebesar 2–3% per tahun,” kata Stern. Pada kesempatan yang sama, Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup Rachmat Witoelar mengatakan bahwa pemerintah masih memprioritaskan masalah-masalah lingkungan hidup di urutan keempat. Bagi negara berkembang, masih ada isu yang lebih berat untuk diselesaikan, misalnya kemiskinan, pendidikan, kesehatan.
”Sekarang lingkungan nomor empat, kurang penting dari pengurangan kemiskinan. Kalau di dunia ini (lingkungan) nomor satu,” kata dia. Dia menambahkan, persoalan mendasar di Indonesia adalah perhatian semua kalangan yang masih rendah terhadap lingkungan. Bagi Rachmat,meski Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup hanya beranggaran 0,3% dari belanja pemerintah, bukan berarti pemerintah tidak serius menangani berbagai masalah lingkungan. ”Nggak (kurang anggaran), ini hanya soal perhatian,”kata dia. (muhammad ma’ruf)
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Akibat Pemanasan Global, Pulau-pulau di Indonesia Tenggelam Hampir Satu Meter

Akibat pemanasan global, permukaan laut Indonesia naik 0,8 cm per tahun dan berdampak pada tenggelamnya pulau-pulau nusantara hampir satu meter dalam 15 tahun ke depan. Demikian Deputi Menteri Lingkungan Hidup bidang Konservasi SDA dan Pengendalian Kerusakan Lingkungan, Masnerliyati Hilman di Jakarta.
"Indonesia sebagai negara kepulauan menjadi pihak yang sangat merasakan dampak pemanasan global ini perlahan tetapi pasti jika tak diatasi sejak sekarang," ujar Hilman.
Dampak lain dari pemanasan global adalah terjadinya pergeseran iklim dari yang seharusnya Juni 2006 sudah musim kemarau, Kalimantan dan Sumatra malah masih mengalami banjir besar dan bulan September yang seharusnya sudah dimulai musim hujan bergeser mulai November.
Data dampak pemanasan global lainnya misalnya mencairnya glasier di pegunungan Himalaya, meningkatnya frekuensi badai di Kepulauan Pasifik Selatan, pemutihan karang secara massal dan berdampak pada kematian di Great Barrier Reef Australia, berkurangnya persediaan air bersih di sungai Mekong dan lain-lain.
Menurutnya, indikasi pemanasan global lain yang begitu jelas dirasakan misalnya kenaikan suhu yang ekstrem beberapa waktu belakangan ini misalnya suhu di Kalimantan yang biasanya sekitar 35 derajat Celcius naik menjadi 39 derajat Celcius.
Di Sumatra, tambahnya, yang biasanya berkisar pada 33-34 derajat naik menjadi 37 derajat, dan di Jakarta yang biasanya 32-34 naik menjadi 36 derajat Celcius.
Hilman menjelaskan, pemanasan global itu akibat meningkatnya kegiatan manusia yang terkait dengan penggunaan bahan bakar fosil, kegiatan melepas emisi (efek rumah kaca) dan menyebabkan tertahannya radiasi matahari dalam atmosfer bumi ditambah lagi dengan penebangan hutan.
Menyambut Konferensi Tahunan PBB ke-12 tentang Perubahan Iklim, yang akan berlangsung di Nairobi, Kenya, pada 6-17 November 2006, Nelly mengatakan, pihaknya dari KLH akan hadir bersama delegasi Indonesia lainnya dari Dephut, Departemen ESDM, Deplu, berbagai LSM dan lainnya.
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The Unknow Facts About Global Warming

The issues about global warming and the effects of global warming are continuously under debate. Somehow the debate has made its way into virtually every aspect of our lives. There is even thought that the issues about global warming are also applicable to the beliefs that other beings from other planets were forced to make themselves to Earth as their planet began to deteriorate, due to global warming. It is all around us. It is on the weather stations. It faces us when we decide to purchase a new car or even a cleaning product. The real issues come when trying to learn about global warming. There is a lot of conflicting information on the internet and there is not one group that can agree on all aspects of the global warming debate. Over the past century, with out a doubt, global temperatures have risen. While the rise in temperature has been only a degree or so, the concern is whether the Earth's temperatures will continue to rise and what impact that will have on the environment. The controversy about the warming of the earth is a result of conflicting evidence. The fact that global warming also occurred in the prehistoric era is a scientific point. Some think a large meteor hitting the planet caused an big change in the earth's temperature. Is that what killed the dinosaurs? Science cannot prove this conclusively yet. The political and industrial lobbies further complicate conversations about global warming. The contention of these groups is that, we currently do not know enough about the effects of global warming to limit industrial emissions. When will we know the full facts about global warming and will the global warming issue be resolved anytime soon? Unfortunately the answer is no. There will continue to be studies performed and there will always be a measure of doubt clouding the minds of citizens around the world. Perhaps, when enough data comes through, we will be able to make a determination based on scientific fact rather than theory. Until then we can continue to monitor the progress of scientists and try to do our part in conserving the environment.
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Global Warming Is It Real?

The debate about global warming continues today and will continue for many decades to come. The subject of global warming refers to the average increase in the earth's temperature--which then causes changes in climate.

With the earth getting warmer, it may lead to changes in rainfall patterns, a rise in sea level, and a wide range of impacts on plants, wildlife, and humans. When scientists debate about global warming, we all benefit. We are being given all of the information available on both sides of the subject.

When we talk about the issue of climate change, the concern is primarily about global warming caused by human activities or by the natural cleansing process of the earth.

We are told by one group that we are all personally responsible for releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels when driving our automobiles or using other means of mass transit, and by home energy usage (the electricity, heating and cooling). The use of these fossil fuels is directly responsible for global warming, which is destroying the earth's biodiversity and ecosystems.

On the other side of the debate are the scientists who tell us that global warming is only partially caused by the use of fossil fuels. They want us to know that the different cycles and temperatures of the earth are part of a natural cycle that our evolving planet goes through.

The debate about global warming is one that will continue for many years to come. Neither side can provide substantial evidence that fully supports their position.

It true that we are polluting the environment and that we should reduce our use of fossil fuels, protect rainforests from being harvested, and also plant new tropical trees in countries where the rainforest have been decimated. However, this does not prove that global warming is caused by these actions or that these actions by us are meaningless.

While the debate about global warming continues, it might be wise if we consider what we can do to reduce pollution. Whether the pollution causes global warming might not be the real question here. The pollution of the environment is directly affecting the air, water and land throughout the entire world.

An action as simple as planting trees can help clean the air. An average tree uses and absorbs about 2,000 pounds of carbon dioxide during its lifespan. And, in return, the trees will release oxygen back into the atmosphere.
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Global Warming

This issue is receiving much attention in the news with many declaring the end of the earth as we know it and insisting that we take immediate action or it will be too late. They enlisted many entertainment professionals to aid in their declaration, but is it fact or fiction? One thing is curtain, haste makes waste.

I raise this question for many reasons. One being that while many scientist claim it is fact, many others claim it is not. One side says if you listen to real scientist, you will see that they say it's true, but the other side claims to have real scientists too. Apparently real scientist are in disagreement, thus I repeat, haste makes waste. Secondly, 20 years ago scientists were claiming the next ice age and that we must be ready and 15 years before that they warned of global warming and prior to that the next ice age. Thus can we really trust those groups currently claiming global warming? Thirdly, those same scientist claim that evolution is how we all got here and they claim it to be science, yet true science is defined by something that is testable, observable and repeatable. Neither evolution or creation, for that matter, fall into the definition of science. Both are merely beliefs of how we got here. Beliefs, while good intentions are not science! Therefore can the scientists be trusted to evaluate climate conditions? And if the beliefs of evolution is true, why would we be fighting the next step? Again, haste makes waste.

I will concede to the fact that weather conditions appear to be changing. We are having hotter days and colder days. We are having cold when it should be hot and hot when it should be cold. The past two winters where I live have been much warmer than many before them and this summer seems to be cooler. The climate patterns we are accustomed to seem to be changing. In addition, frequency and intensity of natural disasters seem to be growing. However, is that due to human activity or is there another possible answer?

I propose just as there is a long standing debate regarding our beginnings: Evolution Vs. Creation, there is also another possible explanation for the climate changing conditions. Those that claim global warming, warn that the end is near, if we don't do something soon. While I disagree about their conclusions regarding what is causing climate change, I do agree, the end may be near. The most accurate history book available to the human race also declares meteorological disasters will increase towards the end of time as we know it. The Bible warns they are like a woman's birthing pains. Thus, disasters will increase.

I leave this as a second possible cause for our planets change in climate. While we can see the changes taking place and observe them, compare them to past records and thus conclude such change is occurring, we merely believe and cannot prove that humans are responsible. This would require us to test, observe and repeat the past actions of our ancestors and that is something we can not do. I place my belief in a trusted source, the most accurate history book in history, the Bible. I do believe we need to prepare for the end, although the end that is coming is unavoidable and certain. Humankind cannot fix it. We will have to endure it and either accept or reject the one that is causing it: the Lord and Savior of all humanity, Jesus Christ.
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The Ultimate Way To Stop Global Warming

The Earth’s surface temperature has risen by about 1 degree Fahrenheit in the past century, with accelerated warming during the past two decades. There is new and stronger evidence that most of the warming over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities. Human activities have altered the chemical composition of the atmosphere through the buildup of greenhouse gases—primarily carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. The heat-trapping property of these gases is undisputed although uncertainties exist about exactly how earth’s climate responds to them.

Energy from the sun drives the earth’s weather and climate, and heats the earth’s surface; in turn, the earth radiates energy back into space. Atmospheric greenhouse gases (water vapor, carbon dioxide, and other gases) trap some of the outgoing energy, retaining heat somewhat like the glass panels of a greenhouse.

Without this natural “greenhouse effect,” temperatures would be much lower than they are now, and life as known today would not be possible. Instead, thanks to greenhouse gases, the earth’s average temperature is a more hospitable 60°F. However, problems may arise when the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases increases.

Since the beginning of the industrial revolution, atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide have increased nearly 30%, methane concentrations have more than doubled, and nitrous oxide concentrations have risen by about 15%. These increases have enhanced the heat-trapping capability of the earth’s atmosphere. Consequently, the temperature of the planet earth is rising.

Fossil fuels burned to run cars and trucks, heat homes and businesses, and power factories are responsible for about 98% of world carbon dioxide emissions, 24% of methane emissions, and 18% of nitrous oxide emissions. Increased agriculture, deforestation, landfills, industrial production, and mining also contribute a significant share of emissions. All these have dramatically reduce the lifespan of living earth.

The quest for efficient energy affects every country on the planet. Worldwide there is an increasing interest in developing clean, reliable alternatives to petroleum fuels. Many smart, safe, and clean alternative power sources are available in the market.

People can easily install these clean power sources at their home as alternative energy to help reducing carbon dioxide emission as well as reducing their utilities bill.

In recent year, people has come up with alternative power sources run their cars in order to reduce the spending on petrol gas and of course, reduce the carbon dioxide emission.

Please play your part on global warming. It is easy and at the same time, you could save money!
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